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Junk Food Too Early Linked to Children’s Mental Health
Along with the myriad negative effects on physical health, “junk food” during pregnancy and in early childhood is linked to a significantly increased risk for poor mental health, including anxiety and depression, in very young children, new research shows.
A large, prospective study by investigators at Deakin University in Melbourne, Australia, showed that higher intakes of unhealthy food during pregnancy, as well as a lack of healthy food in children during the first years of life, were linked to higher levels of behavioral and emotional problems.
“This study comes from the largest cohort study in the world and is the first to suggest that poor diet in both pregnant women and their children is a risk factor for children’s mental health problems,” principal investigator Felice Jacka, PhD, told Medscape Medical News in an email.
Food and Mood Link
Several studies by Dr. Jacka and colleagues, as well as other research groups, have demonstrated a clear link between mood and food showing that diet quality has a significant effect on mental health outcomes and may play a role in the prevention and treatment of common psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety in teens.
Other studies have shown similar associations between diet quality and mental health in adults. However, the researchers point out that the impact of maternal and early postnatal nutritional exposures on children’s subsequent mental health has not been explored.
The current study included 23,020 women and their children who were participants in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Data were derived from self-report questionnaires sent to mothers at 17 weeks’ pregnancy and in later pregnancy and at intervals after birth when the children were aged 6 months, 1.5 years, 3 years, and 5 years.
A 225-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) developed specifically to assess maternal diet in the study was employed. It is designed to capture dietary habits and intake of dietary supplements during the first 4 to 5 months of pregnancy.
On the basis of these data, women were categorized into 2 major dietary patterns — a “healthy” pattern, characterized by high intake of vegetables, fruit, high-fiber cereals, and vegetable oils, and an “unhealthy” pattern, characterized by a high intake of processed meat products, refined cereals, sweet drinks, and salty snacks.
The children’s diet was assessed using a 36-item FFQ comprising dietary items on types of foods and drinks such as dairy products, cereal-based porridge, and fruit juice.
The researchers used a short form of the Child Behavior Checklist to assess internalizing problems, including anxiety and depression, and externalizing behaviors, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder.
Novel Data
The researchers found that women who ate more unhealthy foods were significantly more likely to have children with more behavioral problems, such as tantrums and aggression.
The results also showed that children who ate more unhealthy foods in early life or who did not eat sufficient amounts of nutrient-rich foods during the first years of life exhibited more of these “externalizing” behaviors as well as increased “internalizing” behaviors, indicative of depression and anxiety.
“In this study, we report highly novel data suggesting that maternal and early postnatal dietary factors play a role in the subsequent risk for behavioral and emotional problems in children.
Both an increased intake of unhealthy foods and a decreased intake of nutrient-rich foods in early childhood were independently related to higher internalizing and externalizing behaviors in young children. These behaviors are established early markers for later mental health problems.
We’ve known for some time that very early life nutrition, including the nutrition received while the child is in utero, relates to physical health outcomes in children — their risk for later heart disease or diabetes, for example. But this is the first study indicating that diet may also be important to mental health outcomes in children.
Dr. Jacka also noted that the average age of onset for anxiety disorders is only 6 years; for depression, it is 13 years. As such, she said, these findings have “profound” public health implications, particularly with respect to the fast-food industry.
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. Published online August 17, 2013. Abstract
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