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Scientists Find the ‘On’ Switch for Energy-Burning Brown Fat
A process your body uses to stay warm in cool weather could one day lead to new therapies for obesity.
Scientists have, for the first time, mapped the precise nerve pathways that activate brown fat, or brown adipose tissue (BAT), a specialized fat that generates heat. Low temperatures kick brown fat into gear, helping the body keep its temperature and burning calories in the process.
“It has long been speculated that activating this type of fat may be useful in treating obesity and related metabolic conditions,” said Preethi Srikanthan, MD, an endocrinologist and professor of medicine who oversaw the research at the UCLA School of Medicine. “The challenge has been finding a way of selectively stimulating [it].”
Brown fat is different from the fat typically linked to obesity: the kind that accumulates around the belly, hips, and thighs. That’s white fat. White fat stores energy; brown fat burns it. That’s because brown fat cells have more mitochondria, a part of the cell that generates energy.
After dissecting the necks of eight human cadavers, Srikanthan and her team traced the sympathetic nerve branches in the fat pad above the collarbone — where the largest depot of brown fat in adults is stored. They stained the nerves, took samples, and viewed them under a microscope.
They found that nerves from brown fat traveled to the third and fourth cranial nerves of the brain, bundles of nerve fibers that control blinking and some eye movements.
In a previous case study, damage to these nerves appeared to block a chemical tracer from reaching brown fat. The evidence suggests that changing this nerve supply could alter brown fat activity, potentially leading to new treatments for obesity and metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes, Srikanthan said.
Sources:
PLOS One: “Sympathetic innervation of the supraclavicular brown adipose tissue: A detailed anatomical study.”
Preethi Srikanthan, MD, endocrinologist and professor of medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles.
Varman Samuel, MD, PhD, associate professor of medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; chief of endocrinology, VA Connecticut Healthcare System.
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