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Women overreacting is an old and tired stereotype — but there’s some truth to it, at least immunologically speaking.

In a new study, researchers found that women’s immune systems responded more strongly than men’s to flu vaccine. Old and young women alike produced both more antibodies and a higher inflammatory cytokine count — one sign of potential immunological overreaction — than male participants.

Generally speaking, women have stronger immune system responses than men. The good news for women is that this “show no mercy” response means they are less prone to bacterial, viral, fungal and other types of infection than the dudes are. The flip side, however, is that women’s immune systems are more likely to overreact.

When an immune system is overstimulated, it can attack healthy tissue, which is what happens with autoimmune diseases such as lupus. It can also cause potentially fatal post-infection complications, such as a cytokine storm after getting the flu, in which an overproduction of immune cells overwhelm the body’s normal functions.

Previous research has focused on how genes located on the sex chromosomes might affect the immune response to vaccination. But by exploring the role of testosterone, today’s findings, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, could be a new avenue for understanding — and eventually treating —immunological overreactions. The results also point to possible reasons for women having a higher rate of autoimmune disease.